Language Choice in Multilingual Communities

Introduction

1. Monolingualism: the ability to use a single language code very common in many parts of the Western world.
2. Bilingualism and Multilingualism are normal in most of cultures in the world (e.g. East, Asia) 

The following picture describes Kalala’s Linguistic Repertoire

Code Switching and Code Mixing-Sociolinguistics Study

Code-Switching
Code-switching is changing event from one code to another. For example, at first someone uses Indonesian language, and then he/she switches into Javanese. This event manifests in switch of regional, social, style and register variants. In code-switching, the use of two or more languages is marked by:

    (a) Each language still supports its own functions based on the contexts;
    (b) Each language function is based on relevant situation with contexts change.

Introduction to Universal Grammar-Chomsky Universal Grammar and Psycholinguistics

Chomsky’s Generative Grammar

Since 1960, a school thought of Linguistics is predominated by (transformational) generative grammar. He thought that a set of grammar rules is generated by a machine. The founding father of generative grammar – Noam Chomsky – is the most important figure in seeing the relation between linguistics and psychology.

Language Varieties in Sociolinguistics- Style and Register

Style is language variation which reflects changes in situational factors, such as addressee, setting, task or topic. Style is often analyzed along a scale of formality, the level of formality is influenced by some factors like the various differences among the participants, topic, emotional involvement, etc. (Janet Holmes, 2001)

Second Language Learning and Bilingualism- Psycholinguistics Study

All people including those who live in the forests of the jungle and desert islands use language to communicate. Anything that is done by humans when interacting with his fellow man, whether it's when playing, fighting, screwing or conduct transactions of buying and selling, they talk with face-to-face, sometimes we also talked over the phone. Sometimes we talked to use the words spoken, sometimes simply by using the short message facility on the mobile. In short, in our lives there is almost no time passed without us talking, even in sleep was sometimes we still talk. Some of us even talking to pets, some were happy to speak for themselves.

Linguistics and Psycholinguistics Aspects

Psycholinguistics language relationship with brain discusses the process and communicate utterance and in language acquisition The important thing is how to process and generate utterance and how that language acquisition takes place.

Five types of imagery in Poetry

Most figures of speech solid up an image in your mind. These footage created or instructed by the poet are known as 'images'. To participate totally within the world of poem, we tend to should perceive how the poet uses image to convey quite what's really said or literally meant.

Introduction to Psycholinguistics Sumarized by Tri Rina Budiwati

Definition

Psycholinguistics or Linguistics of Psychology: the study of the psychological and neurological factors that enable humans to acquire, use and understand language (wikipedia). on the other hand, Osgood and Sebeok defines that Psycholinguistics deals with directly with the processes of encoding and decoding as they relate states of message to states of communicators.

Brief Morphosyntax English Introduction

Morphology.               ==> the study of the change in the forms of words.

Syntax .                       ==> the study of ways in which words are put together.

Orthographic words   ==> the items which appear between spaces on the page.

Ex: the cook was a good cook as cooks good, and as cooks go, she

        1     2      3   4    5      6     7    8         9      10  11   12    13   14    

ox (singular) oxen (plural)èit is called lexically conditioned allomorph.

went.  ==> there are 15 orthographic words.

                                             15

But in other example. I’ve been in hot water so often I feel like a tea-bag. è there are 12 orthographic words because I’ve and tea-bag are single words.

Language and Brain-Language Areas and Their Functioning

The Hemispheres of the Brain

The general structure of the brain is that of a whole which is divided into vertical halves which seem to be mirror images of one another. It looks much like a walnut with the two parts joined around the middle, except there is little space between the two halves in the real brain. Each half of the brain is called a hemisphere. There is a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere.The hemispheres come out of the brain stem, which connects to the spinal cord. the following is brief illustration of Hemispheres of the Brain.

An Analysis of Predicate Structures In The Headlines of The Jakarta Post- Academic Writing

Language has important role in the persistence of life, language is used as a medium of communication and interaction, which is indispensable as a main tool of human communication. Language has been glue to hold the society in the communication process. Therefore, language has a quite significant role in the existence of human life.

The Apllication Of Freud’s Psychoanalysis Concept In “The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber” Short Story

Theory Review

According to Concise Oxford Dictionary, psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature works. Psychoanalysis became a form of therapy which aims to cure mental disorders ‘by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in the mind’ (Barry, 1995: 96).

Language and Gender-Language Use between Men and Women

Sex and Gender

Sex: the characterization or dividing of two sexes of human beings determined biologically which attach to certain sex. Example: Men have moustache, etc.
Gender: characteristics attached to both men and women socially and culturally constructed. Example: Women are considered talkative, etc.

Language Production and Comprehension- The Activities of Ears, Brain and Speech Organs

We might understand that language form is in the written and spoken language, but have we ever thought how language produced. through the psycholinguistic we can understand how language is produced. In our minds, we have the means for producing (making) and comprehending (understanding) speech. meanwhile butter-worth is the output of the comprehension – speech or writing – is more concrete or more easily analyzed. 

Cross Culture Understanding of Germany Ethnic in America

Around the year 1700, many Germans were fleeing their homeland to find an easier life in other European countries, the Western Hemisphere, and Australia due to extremely violent conditions. Unlike most immigrants, German immigrants mostly did not immigrate for political reasons. In fact, the country was repeatedly being attacked by armies of various nationalities. Population of the southwestern part, especially, were constantly robbed and tortured. Entire villages were often burnt down and their inhabitants killed. During the flood of emigrants from Germany, its rulers tried to stop the flow, but to little effect. In fact, the flow increased, and in 1709 about 15,000 Germans left for Britain, and 3,000 crossed the Atlantic to New York. In 1745, there were an estimated 45,000 Germans living in Pennsylvania alone.

An Analysis of Plot Structure in Richard A. Via’s "The Show Must Go On" Play

BACKGROUND ANALYSIS

The author creates a plot by arranging events in a story in order to achieve a certain effect. A pattern of cause-effect relationships may be created. Plot is important in expressing the meaning of a work. It involves the laws of plot. The laws of plot are: plausibility (the story should be convincing on its own terms, but not necessary realistic), element of surprise should be present, suspense, foreshadowing (hints at the direction the story will take, and logical (events should be believable in their relationships to one another). Based on the description, there are two kinds of plot: the progressive plot and the regressive plot. The progressive plot usually employs foreshadowing whereas the regressive plot employs flashback. In the plot itself, it contains of some stages that can be analyzed. So here, we concentrate in the structure of plot by talking, analyzing more in the analysis. All we have done is based on the crowded situation as the structure of plot in The Show Must Go On by Richard A. Via, an expert in plays and theater. 

How To Conduct Structural Analytic Method

A. Introduction

Analytical studies referred to how to decipher data because a component of the sub-component, until the smallest component, in addition also the study became the basis for subsequent research which is more in-depth. Research carried out by way of elaborating this data is often called a descriptive research, structural research or research activities revolve around taxonomy because recognizing details, details that characterize a number belongs to, and then name each of these details along with a number.

American Popular Literature - Detective Fiction and Its Genres

A. INTRODUCTION

Detective fiction is branch of crime fiction in which emphasizes the search for a solution . The detective fiction is distinguished from other forms of fiction by the fact that it is a puzzle. Although a crime usually has been committed, the reader's attention is directed to mysterious circumstances surrounding the crime rather than to the event itself. The tale's climax is the solution of the puzzle, and the bulk of the narrative concerns the logical process by which the investigator follows a series of clues to this solution. Very often the detective solves the mystery by means of deductive reasoning from facts known both to the character and the reader. In addition to detective stories, other types of crime fiction include spy thrillers, which are concerned primarily with international intrigue and politics, and crime novels, which are stories that deal with the roots and nature of criminal acts.

Cultural Shocks As Seen in Nahid Rachlin’s “FORGET ME” Psychological Study

BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

Nahid Rachlin, born in Iran, came to the United States to attend college and stayed. Among her publications are a memoir, Persian Girls (Penguin), four novels, Jumping Over Fire (City Lights), Foreigner (W.W. Norton), Married To A Stranger (E.P.Dutton), The Heart's Desire (City Lights), and a collection of short stories, Veils (City Lights). Her work has been published in Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, Farsi, Arabic. All her published books are currently in print in paperback editions and are available at chain stores as well as independent ones. They are also widely used in college courses.