Brief Morphosyntax English Introduction

Morphology.               ==> the study of the change in the forms of words.

Syntax .                       ==> the study of ways in which words are put together.

Orthographic words   ==> the items which appear between spaces on the page.

Ex: the cook was a good cook as cooks good, and as cooks go, she

        1     2      3   4    5      6     7    8         9      10  11   12    13   14    

ox (singular) oxen (plural)èit is called lexically conditioned allomorph.

went.  ==> there are 15 orthographic words.

                                             15

But in other example. I’ve been in hot water so often I feel like a tea-bag. è there are 12 orthographic words because I’ve and tea-bag are single words.

Lexemes                    ==> the unit which are conventionally listed in dictionaries as    separated entries.

Ex.: cooks, cook, cooked, cooking.=> they have same lexeme.” Cook”.

Ex: Edi walked home.

Edi has walked home.

Walked above have the same lexemes” walk “, the same of word-form, different grammatical words. because walked(1)è simple past. and walked(2)è present perfect.

Morpheme                   ==> the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Ex: cats, dogs,  tables. Etc.

But not all morpheme can be added by plural marker, as like: ox (singular) oxen (plural) ==> it is called lexically conditioned allomorph.

Allomorph                   ==> the variant of morphemes. ox (singular) oxen (plural)èit is called lexically conditioned allomorph.

Allomorph also can be grammatical conditioned.

Free morphemes          ==> morphemes which can stand alone. Ex: ripe, cook. Etc.

Bound morphemes       ==> Morphemes that are always attached  to some other morphemes. Ex: -en,-s, -un, -pre. Etc.

• Derivational morphemes è morphemes that can change meaning and parts of speech. Ex: happyè becomes unhappy. (un +happy).
• Inflectional morphemes è morphemes that can’t change the meaning and parts of speech. but only create new form of the same words. Ex : reds(read+s).writes(write+s).

So the other name of affix (derivational and inflectional) is bound morpheme.

In English, there are eight characters of derivational morphemes.

1. 3^rd person singular present (-s/es). ex : reads.
2. past tense (-ed). ex  : cooked.
3. progressive(-ing). Waiting.
4. past participle(-en).ex : eaten.
5. plural maker(-s).ex : books.
6. possessive (-‘s). ex : bud’s.
7. comparative adj and adv (-er).
8. superlative adj and adv (-est). ex : fastest.

Arbitrariness In Language

In linguistics study especially dealing with morpheme, it must have meaning, if it doesn’t have, it can not be called morpheme. but where does the meaning come from…??. there are two possible answers. First. it may be inherently which their pronunciation is arbitrary. And argue the inherent connection between meanings and forms which is held by nature school. which tries to relate the sounds of meaning to the reality. Consequently the same meaning will have to be expressed with the same sounds in different languages. Secondly. Opting the accidental character of the relationship between forms and meanings which was maintained by convention school. who argues that if there is anything that enables a stable meaning to be associated with a sequence of sound.